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英国商事法院以其费用裁定在格鲁吉亚无法得到执行的风险真实存在为由批准费用担保申请

更新时间:2019-03-26 17:06:08  临时仲裁 编辑:lianluobu  点击次数:1669次

2019222日,在Roman Pipia v BGEO Group Limited [2019]EWHC 325 (Comm) 一案中(判决请见“阅读原文”),英国商事法院认为,鉴于格鲁吉亚和英国之间没有多边或双边执行判决的条约,英国法院的费用裁定在格鲁吉亚无法得到执行的风险真实存在,故裁定原告为被告的费用提供担保直至诉讼结束,费用担保的准确数额将由法院在听取被告关于费用预算的陈述后决定。

一、案情介绍

在涉案争议中,原告Roman Pipia向英国商事法院提起诉讼,要求被告BGEO Group Limited就因其不法行为对原告造成的损失承担赔偿责任。

2018920日,被告向法院提出申请,请求法院命令原告为被告在诉讼程序中产生的费用提供担保。为支持其申请,被告提交了两份证人陈述,其中包含了Kereselidze教授的两份备忘录,随后,该教授出具的第三份备忘录也被呈交法院。

二、相关法律规定

英国《民事诉讼法》25.12与费用担保相关的规定如下:

1)任何请求的被告可根据本部分本条申请为其诉讼费用提供担保。

2)申请费用担保必须有书面证据支持。

3)如果法院下令提供费用担保,法院将:

a)确定担保的数额;及 
b)指示提供担保的方式和时间。

 25.12 stipulates:

(1) A defendant to any claim may apply under thisSection of this Part for security for his costs of the proceedings.

(2) An application for security for costs must besupported by written evidence.

(3)  Where the court makes an order for securityfor costs, it will

(a)   determine the amount of security; and

(b)   direct –

(i)    the manner in which; and

(ii)   the time within which the security must begiven.

 

《民事诉讼法》第25.13条规定了法院支持担保申请的条件:

1)法院可以根据25.12条下令提供费用担保,如果:

a)考虑到案件的所有情况,作出这样的命令是正当的;

b)满足第二款所述的一项或多项条件,或……

2)条件是:

a)原告为本司法管辖区之外的居民;但非布鲁塞尔缔约国、受《卢加诺公约》约束的国家、受《2005年海牙公约》约束的国家或1982年《民事管辖和判决法》第13)条所界定的规则的国家的居民。

25.13 stipulates:

(1)   The court may make an order for security forcosts under rule

25.12 if –

(a) it issatisfied, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, that it is justto make such an order; and

(b)

(i)   one or more of the conditions in paragraph(2) applies, or

(ii)   …

(2)   The conditions are –

(a)   The claimant is –

(i)    resident out of the jurisdiction; but

(ii)  not resident in a Brussels Contracting State, a State bound by the Lugano Convention, a State bound by the 2005 Hague Convention or a Regulation State, as defined in section 1(3) of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982.

 

三、法院认定

1. 《联合协定》不属于《民事诉讼法》第25.13 (2)(a)所述的公约或规则

原告居住在格鲁吉亚,针对被告提出的费用担保请求,原告提出了以下抗辩:《欧盟、欧洲原子能共同体及其成员国与格鲁吉亚之间的联合协议》(以下简称“《联合协议》”)于201671日生效,因《联合协议》“等同于(tantamount)” 25.13条第(2)款(a)项所述的公约,故其不符合《民事诉讼法》第25.13条第(2)款(a)项所述的条件。

对此法院认为,《联合协定》没有规定在双边基础上或通过《海牙公约》执行判决,故没有任何理由认为《联合协定》符合《民事诉讼法》第25.13 (2)(a)条的明文规定(The Association Agreement does not provide for the enforcement of judgments either on a bilateral basis or through the Hague Convention. I do not accept therefore that there is any basis on which the Association Agreement can be interpreted as falling within the express terms of CPR 25.13 (2)(a)(ii))。

2.《联合协议》未默示排除任何针对格鲁吉亚当事人的费用担保申请

《联合协定》第414条规定:“在本协议范围内,缔约双方承诺确保另一方的自然人和法人有权不受歧视(相对于其本国国民)地向缔约一方的主管法院和行政机关捍卫其个人权利,包括财产权(Within the scope of  this  Agreement, the  Parties  undertake to ensure that natural and legal persons of  the  other Party have access free of discrimination in relation to its own nationals to the competent  courts  and administrative  organs of the Parties to defend their individual rights, including property rights)。”

《联合协定》第416条第1款(b)项规定:“欧盟或其成员国适用的关于格鲁吉亚的安排不得对格鲁吉亚的国民、公司或企业产生任何歧视(the arrangements applied by the EU or the Member States in respect of Georgia shall not give rise to any discrimination between nationals, companies or firms of Georgia)。”

原告认为《联合协议》中的上述有关“非歧视”的规定默示排除了任何针对格鲁吉亚当事人的费用担保申请。对此,法院认为,《民事诉讼法》第25.13条关于费用担保的规定未对格鲁吉亚的国民、公司或企业产生歧视。该条关于费用担保的规则是基于当事人的居住地,而非国籍,因而同样适用于未居住在英国或《布鲁塞尔公约》、《卢加诺公约》的缔约国或该条所述的规则国家的任何当事人(In my view the provisions of CPR 25.13 providing for security for costs do not give rise to discrimination between nationals, companies or firms of Georgia. The rules on security for costs are based on the residence of the party, and not on nationality, and thus apply equally to any party who is not resident in the UK or one of the states which is party to the Brussels or Lugano convention or in a Regulation state)。

3. 下达费用担保命令是适当的

首先,法院指出,争议双方的共同基础是,上诉法院已在Bestfort Developments LLP v Ras Al Khaimah Investment Authority [2016] EWCA Civ1099一案(以下简称“Bestfort案”)中阐明费用担保申请所适用的标准,即“申请人在申请费用担保时只须举证证明‘基于与执行障碍或负担有关的客观正当的理由’,存在一种真正的风险,它将无法对原告/上诉人强制执行费用命令,且在所有情况下,下达担保命令是公平的(In my judgment, it is sufficient for an applicant for security for costs simply to adduce evidence to show that “ on objectively justified grounds relating to obstacles to or the burden of enforcement” , there is a real risk that it will not be in a position to enforce an order for costs against the claimant/appellant and that, in all the circumstances, it is just to make an order for security)。”在该案中,上诉法院还认定:“尽管原告提出了相反的专家证据,费用命令无法在格鲁吉亚得到执行的风险真实存在(The evidence which I have summarised above clearly showed, notwithstanding the respondents’ expert evidence to the contrary, a real and serious risk that an order for costs might not be enforced in Georgia)。”

1)法院可以考虑证人证词中所载的Kereselidze教授的备忘录

在本案中,被告提交的证人陈述中包含Kereselidze教授在Bestfort案中的两份备忘录。对此原告认为:(iKereselidze教授在Bestfort案中的备忘录及其评论不能在本案中被予以采信,本案法院只能审议本案的证据,而不能审议Bestfort案的证据。(iiBestfort案下达了费用担保命令并涉及在格鲁吉亚执行命令,但该事实与本案无关。被告没有向法院提交适当的证据证明费用担保命令不能在格鲁吉亚得到执行的风险真实存在,因而下达此种命令是不正当的。

针对原告的上述观点,被告援引JSC BTA Bank v Ablyazov and Khrapunov [2018] EWHC 1368 (Comm)案的观点,即认为“法院可以考虑先例中的基础证据的实质(例如文件的内容或证人证据)并给予适当重视(this Court can take into account the substance of the underlying evidence as set out in prior judgments (such as the contents of documents or the evidence of witnesses), giving this such weight as is appropriate (and on the basis that it is entirely open to Mr Khrapunov to challenge that evidence and adduce other evidence))”

法院援引了高等法院在Danilina v Chernukhin[2018] EWCACiv1802一案中的裁定,认为其可以考虑证人陈述中的证据,包括其中所载的Kereselidze教授的备忘录(in my view this court can have regard to the evidence in the witness statements of Mr Swain including the memoranda of Professor Kereselidze exhibited to the witness statements)。法院必须考虑本案的所有情况,鉴于检验标准是一种“风险”以及Gloster LJ Bestfort案中所提出的灵活办法,法院必须考虑Bestfort案的认定及本案中提交的证据,包括反对Adeishvili教授观点的证据(whilst this court has to consider all the circumstances of this case, given the test is one of “risk” and the flexible approach advocated by Gloster LJ, the court should take into account the findings set out in Bestfort whilst also having regard to the evidence submitted in this case, including the evidence in opposition of Mr Adeishvili)。

2)被告无法执行有关费用命令存在真正的风险

上诉法院在Bestfort案中采纳了Kereselidze教授提交的证据。Kereselidze教授提交的与本案申请有关的备忘录中,Kereselidze教授表示仍坚持其在Bestfort案中所表达的观点,即格鲁吉亚和英国之间没有多边或双边执行条约,“英国法院程序中的当事人对于英国法院作出的判决或命令(其中包含关于法律费用的判决或裁定)将无法在格鲁吉亚获得承认和执行存在真实而严重的风险。”(In thememorandum prepared in connection with this application Professor Kereselidze states that he remains of the view which he expressed in Bestfort that there is a reaand serious risk that a party to English court proceedings will be unable to obtain recognition and enforcement in Georgia oan English court order or judgment including ajudgment or ordeas to legacosts

法院认为,如果《联合协定》等同于这样一项执判决的多边协定,格鲁吉亚法律专家中的一位或两位会在其报告中讨论这一问题。从表面上看,《联合协定》似乎并没有为承认判决建立一个基础。因此法院认为,《联合协议》不会对是否存在真实风险的检验产生任何影响(In my view if the Association Agreement had amounted to such a multilateral agreement one or both of the experts on Georgian law would have addressed this in their reports...Further on its face it would appear that the Association Agreement does not go so far as to establish a basis for recognition of judgments...I do not accept therefore the submission that the Association Agreement has any impact on the test of whether there is a real risk)。法院还认为,被告已从Kereselidze教授的证据中提供充分证据,证明基于有关执行障碍的客观合理的理由,被告确实有可能无法对原告执行费用命令(In my view the defendant has adduced sufficient evidence by the evidence of Professor Kereselidze to show that on objectively justified grounds relating to obstacles to enforcement, there is a real risk that the defendant will not be in a position to enforce an order for costs against the claimant)

综上,法院认为因被告无法执行有关费用命令的风险真实存在,故下达费用担保命令是适当的。

4. 法院可以行使下达费用担保命令的自由裁量权

原告认为,法院不能行使下达费用担保命令的自由裁量权,《联合协议》中的条款也与法院能否作出非歧视性命令,行使自由裁量权和批准任何担保的范围有关(Counsel for the claimant submitted that the terms of the Association Agreement are also relevant as to whether the court can make an order which is non-discriminatory, the exercise of the discretion and the extent of any security granted);并认为行使自由裁量权必须遵守《欧洲人权条例》第6条和第14条关于歧视问题的规定。

对此,法院重申,《联合协议》的性质并未改变被告在执行方面所面临的风险,从表面上看,它并不等于一项执行判决的协议,在这点上,各专家也未同意律师代表原告所提出的意见(in my view the nature of the Association Agreement does not alter the risk which the defendant faces on enforcement: it does not on its face amount to an agreement to enforce judgments nor do either of the experts concur with the submission made on behalf of the claimant in this regard)。

此外,法院认为,Bestfort案已经对《欧洲人权条例》第6条和第14条关于歧视问题的规定进行详细分析,该案法官得出结论认为,该制度需要一些合理的正当理由对某些类型的诉讼当事人和其他诉讼当事人进行区别对待,《民事诉讼法》第25.13条所规定的制度就存在合理的正当理由(The issue of discrimination and Articles 6 and 14 of the ECHR was considered at length in Bestfort and Gloster LJ concluded at [67] and [68] that what was required was some rational justification for the system that treats certain categories of litigants differently from others and Gloster LJ held that there was a rational justification for the system contained in CPR 25.13)。自由裁量权的行使必须基于客观合理的理由并参照执行的困难,但这种行使不要求对正当理由进行“严格审查”(The discretion must be exercised on objectively rational grounds by reference to the difficulties of enforcement but that exercise is not subject to the “severe scrutiny” justification)。

最后,基于上文所述理由,英格兰与威尔士高等法院裁定批准被告的费用担保申请,原告必须为全部费用提供担保直至诉讼结束,费用担保的准确数额将由法院在听取被告关于费用预算的陈述后决定。

四、评论

英格兰与威尔士高等法院在本案中重申Bestfort案对费用担保申请所适用的检验标准,即基于与执行障碍或负担有关的客观正当的理由,存在一种真正的风险,它将无法对原告/上诉人强制执行费用命令,且在所有情况下,下达担保命令是公平的。在本案中,法院认定,《联合协议》不等同于执行判决的多边协议,英国的费用命令无法在格鲁吉亚得到执行的风险真实存在。

另外,该法院在本案中明确,《民事诉讼法》第25.13条关于费用担保的规定未对特定国籍的国民、公司或企业产生歧视,因该条关于费用担保的规则是基于当事人的居住地而非国籍,对于未居住在英国以及该条所指国家的当事人均适用。该规定对不同居住地的当事人进行区别对待,属于合理的正当理由,不违反《欧洲人权条例》第6条和第14条关于歧视问题的规定。

此外,在本案中,原告认为法院可以考虑先前判例中的裁定,但不能考虑先前判例中提交的证据。对于是否可以考虑先前判例中提交的证据,法院没有作正面回应,而是表示法院必须考虑先前判例的认定及当事人在“本案中提交的证据”,包括当事人在本案中提交的曾在先前判例中提交的证据。